Commentary on Passge (Page 124-125) of Things Fall Apart...

In this passage of Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe, the protagonist and main characters of the novel, Okonkwo, has just been sent into exile away from his land of Umuofia , Nigeria . The crime he has committed to receive such a punishment is the sin of murder. While he is attending a funeral for a man named, Ogbuefi Ezeudu, Okonkwo’s gun accidentally explodes and kills Ezeudu’s sixteen-year-old son. Killing a clansman is a crime against their earth goddess, thus, Okonkwo and his family are sent into exile, being forced to go back to his motherland of Mbanta. The men of the family who have experienced the loss in this accidental death burn Okonkwo’s houses and kill his animals to cleanse the village of his sin of murder. They do this to†¦show more content†¦But he allows this fear to take control, and becomes inflexible and it eventually drives him to his final downfall. A significant character shown in this passage is Obierika. Though a minor character, Okonkwo’s close friend demonstrates importance because of his many doubts and questions of some of the tribe’s traditional system, this shows a possibility of Obierika being a spokesperson for Achebe. He is a foil to Okonkwo, because Okonkwo has the desire for the most part to embrace the traditions and view of masculinity, while Obierika was a man who thought about things and sometimes questioned the ways of the clan. Another opposite decision he makes compared to Okonkwo is in the killing of Ikemefuna, in which he refuses to accompany them. He is more understanding towards women, thoughtful, and has no love for unnecessary violence. Why should a man suffer so grievously for an offense he had committed inadvertently? But although he thought for a long time he found no answer. He worries because Okonkwo is a close friend of his, and he has a fit skepticism of the traditional ways and is more adaptable to change then Okonkwo, thus, they almost balance each other out, but Okonkwo repeatedly shows resistance towards Obierika’s reasoning. When questioning Okonkwo’s exile he is reminded of a tragedy of his own. He remembered his wife’s children, whom he had thrown

The Finance Theory, Equity And Financial Crisis - 994 Words

1.0 Introduction The bankers’ remuneration problem becomes a ‘populist’ issues especially during the financial crisis in 2007. It is said that one of the factors that contribute to the financial crisis and this is not the first time this point has been raised. General concern about the relationship between certain low corporate performance and high remuneration to executives in banks means there exists an imbalance between them (Andrew Clark, Tim Edmonds, 2015). With the Government investing public money in certain famous Banking Group, this problem has upgraded from a private sector concern to a significant political one (BBC News, 2008). However, this cannot blame on single body or organization. A lot of researchers have explored the problem of remuneration systems and how to improve the remuneration structure in the banks. This essay mainly uses agency theory, stakeholder theory, institutional theory, Transaction cost theory and other related theories to explain how the remuner ation packages influence the bankers in short-term and long-term. Meanwhile, it also shows some problems of remuneration system in corporates especially in banks by analysing the recent literature. Finally, the essay gives certain relating recommendations to solve these problems according to a few policies such as UK corporate combined governance codes in 2003 and 2014 etc. 2.0 Remuneration package A remuneration package is a considerable system that employers run a better effective businessShow MoreRelatedWhy Do Firms Choose Their Capital Structure?1623 Words   |  7 Pages1. Introduction In order to grow, an enterprise needs investments. So they need to start wondering about which securities to acquire and how to finance those investments: with equity, debt or a combination of both (Myers, 2001). 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Marketing Consumer Behaviour Food Statistics

Question: Describe about the Essay for Marketing Consumer Behaviour for Food Statistics. Answer: Introduction Trends of food and beverage industry are changing day by day. People are becoming more conscious about their health than they are before. The health of people is degrading due to many factors such as pollution, poisonous ingredients in food, intake of more junk foods, etc. Obsession with health is growing among the mind of people. It is the main reason of changed consumer trends in the industry. According to many types of research, the rise of functional foods and organic foods are in trend in the food and beverage industry. The report will identify the changing patterns of consumer behaviour in this industry with the implementation of various theories and models. Consumer behaviour is the vital aspect which the companies must focus in order to sustain in the competitive business world. The food and drink industry of United Kingdom depend on many factors such as supplier relationships, a price war among the supermarkets, buying behaviour of customers, etc. The behaviour of consumers changed gradually not only ion United Kingdom but also in other parts of the world. The report will describe the development of marketing mix by the companies of United Kingdom based on the consumer behaviour of the market. However, the marketing mix will be aligned to the latest trends of food and beverages in the market. Market share of the companies is also mentioned in the study which will help in understanding the trends of the market. The factors of changing consumer buying behaviour and purchasing decision are explained in a detailed manner. Food and beverage market in the United Kingdom Food and drink industry is a booming market. It is the largest manufacturing industry in the United Kingdom. The turnover of the industry is 95.4 billion pounds. In the industry, there are almost more than 7000 companies which employ about 400,000 workers in the entire nation. The research and development department of various companies of this sector invests much to introduce around 17,000 new food products every year (Gov.uk 2014). New product development is practised by most of the companies associated with the industry. The food and beverage market are occupied with supermarket retail giants such as Sainsburys, Asda, Morrisons, and Tesco. These four supermarkets are known as Big Four. The convenience market is increasing day by day due to busy lifestyles of consumers. Time is an important factor for changing the trends of consumer behaviour (Anon 2016). It is the result of the formation of convenient stores where foods, drinks and daily use goods are available. It is one of the m ajor drivers of growth in the coming years. The value of the convenience market in the United Kingdom by 2018 is forecasted to rise by 46.2 billion pounds (Barclays 2016). The emergence of healthy foods is the result of the consciousness of customers regarding their health. Food and drink manufacturing companies of the nation are consistently finding solutions to develop healthy and nutritious foods for consumers. The rise of healthy foods is the result of growing concern of diabetes and obesity among people (Solomon, Russell-Bennett and Previte 2013). It is found that people of United Kingdom are prone to obesity when compared to other countries. Manufacturing companies are concerned about this fact and are taking action in many ways. They are reducing the quantity of sugar in various beverages and foods. Salt of foods is lowered along with the increase of fibre content in foods. The concept of ethnic foods, functional foods are in trend in the changing pattern of foods and drink i n the industry. Ethical foods are in demand in the U.K market (Schiffman et al. 2013). The ethical food and drink section accounts for 8.5% of total sales of household food in the year of 2013. More than 88% of people in the United Kingdom consume ethnic foods at their house. Apart from that, quality of foods is one of the most vital aspects of the industry. Food manufacturing companies of United Kingdom are known for selling safest and hygienic food in the world. Microbiologists of the country are constantly focusing on the microbiological contamination of foods with other substances (East, Wright and Vanhuele 2013). Consumer behaviour of the industry Consumer behaviour is defined as the actions of the customers or consumers in the market while buying a product. Marketers nowadays are focusing on understanding the consumer behaviour on the particular industry in order to cater actual products to them. Satisfaction of customers is very essential for the success of a business as well as the industry as a whole. Consumer behaviour is termed as the decision-making factors of customers while purchasing goods for their personal consumption (Foxall 2014). There are many factors which influence the behaviour of customers while purchasing required goods from markets. The factors include personal, social, psychological, situational, cultural, marketing factors, etc. Consumer behaviour differs for different products (Yoon et al. 2012). Consumer behaviour pattern is related with shopping tendencies along with attitudes, motivation of customers. Trends of foods in the market are directly proportional to the changing pattern of consumer behaviour in the market. With the increased attention of nutritional and healthy foods by consumers, companies are manufacturing foods and drinks based on the preference of the consumers. Microbiologists of United Kingdom are known for maintaining high quality in the foods (Dolfsma 2013). There are some popular trends of consumers which emerge in the recent years. The trends are low-fat foods, the rise of eco-conscious foods, misinformation of age, consciousness about health and nutrition, the demand for anti-wheat foods, lower consumption of junk foods, etc. Consumers believe on the nutritional information of foods which are encrypted at the packaging of foods. They are interested in foods which contain low fat and low calorie. The rise of eco-conscious foods is a trend of customers while purchasing goods. People are interested in organic foods more than the normal category of foods (Kahle an d Chiagouris, 2014). Price is an important factor for people of the country. Companies are providing products at lower prices while maintaining a good quality. Supermarkets of United Kingdom are selling grocery products at cheaper prices. However, the quality of the foods is maintained by them. Junk food companies are declining their sales in the market. The soft drinks are also becoming out of the market. Beverages of low calorie are in the trend in this sector. Perception of nutrition and diet is an important aspect of consumer behaviour in the market of this sector. Use of theories and models of consumer behaviour There are many models and theoretical frameworks of consumer behaviour that help the company for determining the nature of the customers while taking the decision in the purchasing of products. Consumer behaviour includes many subjects apart from marketing such as is a vast field which includes psychology, behavioural marketing, sociology, etc. The theories of this field are interrelated with these subjects (Kotler et al. 2015). The models that will be described in the study for understanding consumer decision-making process and selection of stores are Black Box Model, Engel Kollat Blackwell model, Maslows motivational theory and Sheth Howard model. Black box model in consumer behaviour represents characteristics of consumers, consumer responses, decision-making process and different stimuli. It is a model of behaviourism where different stimuli of customers are distinguished. The difference in stimulus is related to the purchasing decision of buyers. Marketing stimuli contain 4Ps of the marketing mix. Environmental stimuli consist of technological, economic and demographic factors (De Bock 2016). These two stimuli lead to buyers response and decision process. Engel Kollat Blackwell model represents the behaviour of customers in order to make the required decision while buying a particular product. Shoppers usually decide to buy a product based on little information. According to the theory, buyer requires limited information along with the capacity of elaboration. For instance, customers are aware of their needs and they believe that a particular product will satisfy their needs. Price is a constraint that influences the buying behaviour of customers (Papadopoulos and Heslop 2014). Using this model, companies of food and drink industry can identify various aspects of buying behaviour of customers. Howard Sheth model claims purchase decision of shoppers. According to his model, there are multiple factors that create a significant impact in the purchasing decision of buyers. The theory forecasts that family and friends influence a lot in providing information and feedback to the customers. Retailers of the industry are formulating their goals as per the mindset of the customers. Companies consider different goals, interests and motives of consumers when they manufacture a particular product (Davis et al. 2013). Different stimuli or inputs are considered in the theory such as symbolic, social and significative. Maslows hierarchy is a model which describes the basic needs and requirements of a person. The theory consists of some steps such as physiological needs, safety needs, self-esteem, love and belongings, self-actualisation and self-transcendence. It is a motivational theory which explains the development of a person and his growth. Innate needs of a person are very well mentioned by Maslow in his human motivation theory. In physiological needs, the basic requirement of food, shelter and clothes. Whenever a person is satisfied by his physiological needs he will automatically crave for security. Security and safety needs include financial security, well-being and health, personal security (Bejou and Palmer 2013). After the basic needs, the requirements of a person increase. It leads to buying things for serving many purposes. Manufacturing organisations of the United Kingdom on the implication of these models will certainly help them in determining several factors of buying decision. Changing the behaviour of consumers leads to the emergence of new products by the companies. Development of marketing mixes according to consumer behaviour A marketing mix is a tool which is used by marketers to increase the sales of the company. The marketing mix is associated with 4Ps such as product, price, place and promotion. Extension of the marketing mix is known as 7Ps of service marketing. The additional three Ps of service marketing are people, process and physical evidence. There are several tactics used by companies for increasing the brand awareness among the customers (Lang and Heasman 2015). Companies of United Kingdom are following the latest consumer trends. Competition in the market is one of the most vital reasons for developing advanced marketing mix of the company. Enterprises are doing extensive market research for collecting various data regarding market, recent trends, consumer behaviour, demands, etc. However, food-manufacturing enterprises are facing many challenges for formulating their marketing mix. Supply chain management is an important factor that is faced by the manufacturing companies. Suppliers have th eir basic regulations when they provide raw materials to a particular company. Big food manufacturing retailers are not able to maintain Long-term relationships with the suppliers. It is seen that the small retailers are facing more issues compared to big discount retailers in maintaining good relationships with the suppliers. International dimension and competitiveness in the market is another paradigm that affects the development of marketing mix of the food manufacturing companies of United Kingdom. Consumer trends can be divided into two categories. Short-term and long-term trends play a vital role in adopting an improved marketing mix. Economy, the spending power of individuals, emergence of low-calorie foods, etc. are the long-term market trends of the industry. On the other hand, seasonal variations, fast food growth, price wars, etc. are the short-term trends of the market (Martinez 2013). Other factors like logistics, perishability of food items, competition in national and local markets, the sheer bulk of goods, etc, create an impact on the companies for making decisions related to frame marketing mix. Product differentiation is a factor which can be a point of success of if the food manufacturing enterprises for manufacturing strategies based on the recent tends of consumer behaviour. Companies focus quality and nutrition in order to increase the sales of products. For the development of products, innovation is required. It is the main aspect of sustainability of the companies. Food and beverage items are manufactured as per the consumer demands in the market. The place is decided by the company itself (Nestle 2013). It varies from one company to another. Big supermarket giants spread their reach across the nation by their supermarkets, convenient stores. On the contrary, small food retailers are not available across every part of the country. However, the items are distributed in a way so that they can reach the hands of customers in the marketplace. Price is the sensitive issue that focuses both the interests of companies and consumers (Food manufacture 2016). Consumers are pric e sensitive whereas companies want to make more profit in the market. The price of the products is set in a way so that it can cover the interests of customers and enterprises simultaneously. Promotion of the food items is an important aspect by which customers will get to know about the existence of new products. The companies use various promotional activities to attract more customers as well as retaining old customers (Ashurst 2016). Retaining customers is anyway profitable than attracting new customers as they provide more business to the company. Conclusion and recommendations The report mentions many concepts regarding marketing mix of food and beverage market in the United Kingdom. Theories of consumer behaviour are explained in a way so that the companies can benefit the advantages of the above-discussed model. Food and beverage market of United Kingdom attracts many international companies for doing business. There are many factors of growth of foreign companies in this particular sector. Consumer behaviour is a significant arena company are focusing on developing their marketing mix. It leads to increased production of food items. There are various challenges companies face while trading with the suppliers and other distributors. Other challenges are mentioned earlier which creates a problem in developing strategies for marketing. Changing trends of customers are the main reason for declining the sales of the company. Nature of buying behaviour along with the spending nature is important information which companies must gather for formulating improved sales and marketing strategy. The following paragraph contains a recommendation to the companies of the food and drinks sector in the United Kingdom. Local retailers must focus on maintaining a sound relation with its distributors, suppliers, for the growth of sales in the market. The increase of convenient stores in the market is a reason for lower sales of the small retailers. By maintaining a good relation with the customers, retention of existing customers can be done. The products which are locally manufactured by many consumers sometimes are not available in the large discount stores. Local small food retailers can keep these products in their stores for attracting customers. Extensive market research is a good solution for collecting information regarding changing patterns of consumer behaviour in the market. Application of the theoretical models is another method of understanding customer behaviour, decision-making process, shopping habits, spending habits, etc. Consumer decision-making process is an important aspect which companies must know in order to set their marketing mix. Promotional activities are formulated based on the demands, satisfaction of customers. Different food items are popular in different areas of the nation. Companies of this industry should distribute different foods and beverages in different parts serving the exact needs of the customers in that area of distribution. Foods products are to be manufactured according to the modern trends of low calorie, low salt foods. Beverages should contain less sugar and lower in calorie. Healthy fruit punches are in recent trends in the industry. References Anon, 2016. Food Statistics Pocketbook. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/526395/foodpocketbook-2015update-26may16.pdf [Accessed 10 Aug. 2016]. Ashurst, P.R., 2016.Chemistry and technology of soft drinks and fruit juices. John Wiley Sons. Barclays. 2016. Food for thought. [online] Available at: https://www.barclayscorporate.com/content/dam/corppublic/corporate/Documents/research/Food-and-drink-report.pdf [Accessed 10 Aug. 2016]. Bejou, D. and Palmer, A., 2013.The future of relationship marketing. Routledge. Davis, B., Lockwood, A., Pantelidis, I. and Alcott, P., 2013.Food and beverage management. Routledge. De Bock, K.W., 2016.Advanced database marketing: innovative mthodologies and applications for managing Customer relationships. Routledge. Dolfsma, W., 2013.Consuming symbolic Goods: Identity and commitment, values and economics. Routledge. East, R., Wright, M. and Vanhuele, M., 2013.Consumer behaviour: applications in marketing. Sage. Food manufacture. 2016. Top 10 food and drink trends for 2016. [online] Available at: https://www.foodmanufacture.co.uk/Ingredients/Food-and-drink-trends-for-2016 [Accessed 10 Aug. 2016]. Foxall, G.R., 2014.Consumer Behaviour (RLE Consumer Behaviour): A Practical Guide(Vol. 3). Routledge. Gov.uk. 2014.Food and drink in the UK: investment opportunities - GOV.UK. [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/food-and-drink-in-the-uk-investment-opportunities/food-and-drink-in-the-uk-investment-opportunities#new-product-development [Accessed 10 Aug. 2016]. Kahle, L.R. and Chiagouris, L., 2014.Values, lifestyles, and psychographics. Psychology Press. Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L. and Armstrong, G., 2015.Marketing. Pearson Higher Education AU. Lang, T. and Heasman, M., 2015.Food wars: The global battle for mouths, minds and markets. Routledge. Martinez, M.G. ed., 2013.Open innovation in the food and beverage industry. Elsevier. Nestle, M., 2013.Food politics: How the food industry influences nutrition and health(Vol. 3). Univ of California Press. Nestle, M., 2013.Food politics: How the food industry influences nutrition and health(Vol. 3). Univ of California Press. Papadopoulos, N. and Heslop, L.A., 2014.Product-country images: Impact and role in international marketing. Routledge. Schiffman, L., O'Cass, A., Paladino, A. and Carlson, J., 2013.Consumer behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Solomon, M.R., Russell-Bennett, R. and Previte, J., 2013.Consumer behaviour: Buying, having, being. Pearson Australia. Yoon, C., Gonzalez, R., Bechara, A., Berns, G.S., Dagher, A.A., Dub, L., Huettel, S.A., Kable, J.W., Liberzon, I., Plassmann, H. and Smidts, A., 2012. Decision neuroscience and consumer decision making.Marketing Letters,23(2), pp.473-485.

The 1960S Essays (922 words) - Counterculture Of The 1960s

The 1960'S The fifties was a learning year and the 60s became the time to express everything that they learned. The 60s was a time for new and innovative ways to entertain the people. Since the blacklisting continued in Hollywood, the making or films became very difficult to express. The restrictions, such as the production codes, kept the big corporations to produce films that had no interesting subjects. These films also had to be films that show no signs of communistic values. The film industry was failing to bring in the audience to the theaters. With the TV making a big wave all over, the U.S. the film industry was losing it is money. Then in 1961 something big happened, 20th Century Fox took apart its lot. This act was one that led to a chain reaction. Studios were assuming the role of distributors. This would allow the independent companies to come in and add a new flavor to the silver screen. During this time films changed its traditional film making ideas. Things started to get graphic , more violent, sexual and more expressive. Movies had found a new look and with the production codes now gone and the blacklisting ending, there was an explosion of ideas that would be presented to the United States. The change in the U.S. can be said to be a social revolution. People were growing sick of the same old movies, they wanted a change and Hollywood needed to deliver or else they would lose their audience to the TV. In the early 60s, the studios were still afraid of the blacklisting so the films were still very safe. An example of this is the film Sound of Music (1965). This was a film about a musical family that needed to escape the Nazi presence. Although the movie is based on a true story, they still follow the same old idea of a nice family, who must escape from the clutches of evil. Basically, the movie is saying good guys win and bad guys always lose. Sure this how most films are made but there is no sense of change, no differences in the style or way it was made. Since there was no change, the public was not interested. The TV was much more convenient and kept the publics interested. It was not until the late 60s, that people started to notice the change on the silver screen. Movies started to head in a different direction. In November of 1968, the Production Codes were gone; the producers could make movies with more freedom of expression. There were no more restriction for the film industry, except for the obvious ones. The content of all films started to become more vivid. For example the Film Bonnie bad guys. The same goes for the Movie the Wild Bunch, directed by Sam Peckinpah, the movie ends in a blood bath. People dying all over the place and not a single survivor. Very violent, but a change that makes Hollywood noticed again. But it wasnt just violence that started to change but also the level of Sex and drug use. In the movie Last Summer (1969), directed by Frank Perry, there is a great deal of sexual innuendoes. The characters from the movie are adolescents that experiment with their sexual desires and experiment with drugs. This film also defies the norm or adolescents being uneducated to the worldly things such as sex and drugs. The adolescents in the movie have a deeper knowledge of themselves and are more complex than the way previous movies portrait them as. Not to mention The Graduate (1967), directed by Mike Nichols, a story about a college Graduate who finds himself stuck in his life. However, finds

Review These Study Questions for A Rose for Emily

Review These Study Questions for 'A Rose for Emily' A Rose for Emily is a favorite American short story by William Faulkner.   Summary The narrator of this story represents several generations of men and women from the town.  The story begins at the huge funeral for Miss Emily Grierson. Nobody has been to her house in 10 years, except for her servant. The town had a special relationship with Miss Emily ever since it decided to stop billing her for taxes in 1894. But, the newer generation wasnt happy with this arrangement, and so they paid a visit to Miss Emily and tried to get her to pay the debt. She refused to acknowledge that the old arrangement might not work anymore, and flatly refused to pay.Thirty years before, the tax collecting townspeople had a strange encounter with Miss Emily about a bad smell at her place. This was about two years after her father died, and a short time after her lover disappeared from her life. Anyhow, the stink got stronger and complaints were made, but the authorities didnt want to confront Emily about the problem. So, they sprinkled lime around the house and the smell was eventual ly gone. Everybody felt sorry for Emily when her father died. He left her with the house, but no money. When he died, Emily refused to admit it for three whole days. The town didnt think she was crazy then, but assumed that she just didnt want to let go of her dad. Next, the story doubles back and tells us that not too long after her father died Emily begins dating Homer Barron, who is in town on a sidewalk-building project. The town heavily disapproves of the affair and brings Emilys cousins to town to stop the relationship. One day, Emily is seen buying arsenic at the drugstore, and the town thinks that Homer is giving her the shaft, and that she plans to kill herself.   When she buys a bunch of mens items, they think that she and Homer are going to get married. Homer leaves town, then the cousins leave town, and then Homer comes back. He is last seen entering Miss Emilys house. Emily herself rarely leaves the home after that, except for a period of half a dozen years when she gives painting lessons.  Her hair turns gray, she gains weight, and she eventually dies in a downstairs bedroom. The story cycles back to where it began, at her funeral. Tobe, miss Emilys servant, lets in the town women and then leaves by the backdoor forever. After the funeral, and after Emily is buried, the townspeople go upstairs to break into the room that they know has been closed for 40 years.Inside, they find the corpse of Homer Barron, rotting in the bed. On the dust of the pillow next to Homer they find an indentation of a head, and there, in the indentation, a long, gray hair. Study Guide Questions Here are a few questions for study and discussion. What is important about the title of the short story, A Rose for Emily? What are the multiple meanings for the rose?What are the conflicts in A Rose for Emily? What types of conflict (physical, moral, intellectual, or emotional) do you see in this story?How does William Faulkner reveal character in A Rose for Emily?What are some themes in the story? How do they relate to the plot and characters?What are some symbols in A Rose for Emily? How do they relate to the plot and characters?Do you find the characters likable? Would you want to meet the characters?What is significant about the gray hair at the end of the short story?What is the central/primary purpose of the story? Is the purpose important or meaningful?How essential is the setting to the story? Could the story have taken place anywhere else?What is the role of women in the text? What about single/independent women? What about the role of wife and mother?Would you recommend this story to a friend?

14 Essay Topics on Native American Literature for a Literary Analysis

14 Essay Topics on Native American Literature for a Literary Analysis Native American literature is one of the unique aspects to study if you are interested in learning about the indigenous cultures that once lived in North America. To truly immerse yourself in this field, you need to embrace a multifaceted approach which encompasses the aesthetic, linguistic, psychological, historical, and cultural aspects. If you have an essay coming up on this subject, here are 14 facts that will set you on the right path. Native American literature does not have one language. Even before delving into the details of themes, context, and content, you are faced with the challenge of understanding the classification. The Native American culture comprised of a myriad of different languages and tribes. Anthropologists and linguists have classified Native American languages according to similarity in grammatical structure and the geographical proximity of the speakers. The former basis of categorization results in fifty-eight major language families whereas the latter has nine major categories. Each of the nine categories has around ten to twenty tribes associated with it. The nine regions are: Mackenzie River, North Pacific Coast, Plains, Woodland, California, Southeastern, Eskimo, Plateau, and Southwestern. Most literature revolves around man’s connection with the land. An essential theme observed in both ancient myths and contemporary Native American literature is the deep connection between the identity of the people and the land they inhabit. The writings show that the culture considers the land as dynamic. Therefore, they surpass closeness to nature, creating a more complex link between the land and a person’s being or ego. Even a rudimentary study of this type of literature will reveal this aspect. Oral stories are a major part of this form of literature. Early Native American Literature contains fascinating tales, songs, chants, and prayers passed down through oral traditions. They are told using archaic language and make liberal use of literary devices such as repetition and enumeration. Some languages, for instance Papago (the language of the Tohono Oodham Nation) and Pima (the language of the Akimel Oodham), contained specific structures for oral stories. A story would have four parts; it would start out with an introduction of a stable and harmonious situation, go on to describe a disruption of stability, then tell of the efforts to restore harmony before concluding. The efforts were often told in cycles of four. Native American authors effectively shine the light on Native American literature. In 1969, the Pulitzer Prize was awarded to N. Scott Momaday for his novel ‘House Made of Dawn’. The novel has received critical acclaim and is considered pivotal in bringing Native American literature into mainstream culture. The Native American Renaissance highlights a major theme which many contemporary Native American publications share: the alienated individual who feels torn between two worlds and yearns to find an identity. Some major authors who gained popularity after the rekindling of interest are James Welch, Leslie Marmon Silko, Sherman Alexie, and Louise Erdrich. Native American literature was not documented in writing at first. When the first Europeans arrived in America, there were over 500 different Native American tribes living here. Each of these tribes had rich history and culture, but their literature was not documented in writing. Their numerous legends, tales, songs and myths were preserved through oral transmission. Thankfully, they managed to survive time, which is why you can enjoy the difference between the tales of the Navajo hunters and the pueblo-dwellers known as Acoma. Repetition of myths ensured their survival. The survival of a myth in the pre-literate Native American times depended on how often it was repeated. The more popular the tale was, the more often it was repeated and the better it retained its plot points. As it spread across to other places, the folktale would take on features unique to the local culture. This phenomenon can serve as a means to track mythology across time and space. There are different approaches to critiquing Native American literature, but one goal. Literary critics and theorists are not in complete agreement about how to approach Native American literary criticism. There is a difference in opinion regarding whether to employ modern approaches or only Native American theories. The goal, however, is the same: to avoid misinterpretations and break down the centuries-long silencing of Native American voices. Christian Missionaries in America influenced the literature. With the arrival of Christian missionaries in America, the culture, and therefore the literature of the indigenous tribes evolved. The written Native American literary tradition began in the eighteenth century. Samson Occum published his â€Å"Sermon Preached at the Execution of Moses Paul, an Indian† and William Apess wrote his â€Å"Experiences of Five Christian Indians of the Pequot Tribe†. The Native American Renaissance Era offers a wealth of contemporary literature. The Native American Renaissance era witnessed the production of many prominent works of contemporary Native American literature. A few notable authors are: Simon Ortiz (Acoma Pueblo), Wendy Rose (Hopi-Miwok), Ray Young Bear (Mesquaki), Roberta Hill (Oneida), and Joy Harjo (Creek). Literary traditions were inspired from their own surroundings. The literary traditions of Native Americans were largely influenced by their environment and surroundings. Even the creation stories of different tribes reflect environmental elements. Native American ceremonies and everyday life were also dictated by the topography of the area. The Papago tribe used to undertake a Salt Pilgrimage to reach distant salt deposits. Native American literature and tribes’ identities are related. Literature and identity are closely linked. Kelly Morgan, a Native American cultural expert claims that fiction and poetry serve as a better gauge of the cultural identities of people than scientific records. Literature is also more dynamic because it extends the cultural identity over to future generations. Communities of past, present and play a   future role in molding and transformation of literature. Several works revolve around the loss of sense of self. One of the major themes in Native American literature is the loss of a sense of self. A deeply felt presence of absence lies in the thoughts and actions of the protagonists. The loss of land and culture is reflected in the writings of contemporary and eighteenth to nineteenth century literature. DArcy McNickle’s novel â€Å"The Surrounded† is a good example of this. Nature is also part of Native American literature due to its relationship with people. A prevalent thread running through almost all of Native American literature is the interconnectedness of nature and humans. Cultural and personal identity is related to nature in many works. Authors allude to this connection using metaphors. The works of Rosario Morales, Leslie Marmon Silko, and Louise Erdrich are among the ones which illustrate this theme beautifully. The first novel to be published by a Native Indian author was â€Å"The Life and Adventures of Joaquin Murieta†. John Rollin Ridge published â€Å"The Life and Adventures of Joaquin Murieta† in 1854, telling the story of a mixed-race protagonist who becomes an outlaw and tries to defy the dominant culture and unjust treatments of the white people in frontier California. These are some general facts which you can study further and elaborate on while writing a literary analysis paper. You can also check the 20 topics on Native American literature for a literary analysis for more assistance. Need more help? Check how to write a literary analysis on Native American literature to score a great grade. References: Powell, J. (1891). Indian linguistic families of America north of Mexico. [Washington]: [U.S. G.P.O.]. Thompson, S. (1966). Tales of the North American Indians. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Allen, P. (1986). The sacred hoop. Boston: Beacon Press. Tales of the North American Indians. (2016). Sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 16 March 2016, from sacred-texts.com/nam/tnai/ Thompson, S. (1966). Tales of the North American Indians. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. History. (2016). org. Retrieved 16 March 2016, from gilariver.org/index.php/about/history Tohono Oodham Nation History Culture. (2016). Tonation-nsn.gov. Retrieved 16 March 2016, from tonation-nsn.gov/history_culture.aspx Campbell, D. (2016). Early Native American Literature: Brief Outline Guide. wsu.edu. Retrieved 16 March 2016, from http://public.wsu.edu/~campbelld/amlit/native.htm Scarberry-Garcà ­a, Susan. Landmarks of Healing: a Study of House Made of Dawn. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1990. Print. Velie, A., Lee, A. The Native American renaissance. Outline of the U.S. Literature. (2016) (1st ed., p. 5). Retrieved from http://photos.state.gov/libraries/korea/49271/february_2014/Outline_of_American_Literature_eng.pdf

Research Project Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Project - Research Paper Example Many aspects in life eventually influence one’s career choice, including personality characteristics which was dutifully categorised by Holland (1985). Holland (1985) describes six main orientations of individuals that can be predictive of their career choices. While it is not the aim of this paper to present data on the relationships between categorical personality types and career choices, Holland’s (1985) contribution in building the rationale for this paper is his notion that there exists a freedom of choice. This is not true, however, for all individuals and we are familiar of stories from young adolescents who express their lack of control over their career path. This feeling is best defined through the psychological concept, â€Å"learned helplessness,† discovered by Peterson et al. (1993). Research studies have identified the reported strong influence of parents over teachers in the student’s choice of career (Teru 2000; Kniveton 2004). These studies noted the strong implications of these findings for career guidance counselors to facilitate the decision making process of parents and pupils. As discovered by Kniveton (2004, pp.56-57), â€Å"there was little evidence of consideration of the appropriateness of further/ higher education for career choice.† Thus, here rests the gap where guidance or career counselors can fill in to ensure that a substantial number of pupils leave secondary schools with a better perspective of their career choices. The challenge of providing comprehensive information to pupils may be daunting for guidance counselors. In most cases, schools employ psychological testing and career talks for graduating pupils. â€Å"Career education is increasingly present in the curriculum at the lower secondary school level, either as a separate subject or included in another subject† (OECD, 2004, p.12). The inclusion of this policy by the European Commission emphasises the important role of